Work-Related Psychosocial Demands and Resources in General Practice Teams in Germany. A Team-Based Ethnography.

Elena Tsarouha,Felicitas Stuber,Florian Junne,Andrea Wittich,Sigrid Hartmann,Esther Rind,Christine Preiser,Birgitta Weltermann,Monika A. Rieger,Tanja Seifried-Dübon

doi:10.3390/ijerph17197114

Abstract

General practices are established microenterprises in Germany providing a variety of preventive and therapeutic health care services and procedures in a challenging working environment. For example, general practice teams are confronted increasingly with work-related demands, which have been associated with poor psychological and physical outcomes. It is therefore important to gain a better understanding of issues related to occupational health and safety for personnel working in the primary care setting. This study aims to gain an in-depth understanding of psychosocial demands and resources in the primary care setting. We applied an ethnographic design, comprising a combination of participating observations, individual interviews with general practitioners (GPs) (N = 6), and focus group discussion with practice assistants and administrative staff (N = 19) in five general practices in Germany. A grounded theory approach was applied to analyze all data. Our results identified psychosocial demands and resources exemplified mainly along two typical tasks in GP practices: the issuing of medical prescriptions and blood sampling. Main psychosocial demands included factors related to work content and tasks, organization of work, and the working environment. For example, daily routines across all practices were characterized by a very high work intensity including disturbances, interruptions, delegation, and the division of labor between GPs and practice staff. Work-related resources comprised the staff’s influence on aspects related to work organization and social support. The triangulation of methods and data formats allowed the disclosure of interconnectedness between these factors. Although work processes in general practices are complex and required to comply with legal regulations, there are opportunities for practice owners and practice teams to establish working procedures in ways that reduce psychosocial risks and strengthen work-related resources.

Highlights

General practices in Germany provide a variety of therapeutic and preventive health care services and procedures, including medical check-ups, vaccinations, laboratory testing, and disease management programs
The major themes go in line with the dimensions introduced by the Joint German Occupational Safety and Health Strategy (GDA) [18]
We aimed to present specific examples for each of the psychosocial demands and resources included, it becomes evident that many of the quotations could be categorized into other subsections highlighting the complexity of the working procedures described

Summary

Introduction

General practices in Germany provide a variety of therapeutic and preventive health care services and procedures, including medical check-ups, vaccinations, laboratory testing, and disease management programs. General practices are confronted with healthcare specific challenges and with aspects similar to other smaller and larger businesses This includes, for example, limited financial and human resources to develop strategies for the prevention or mitigation of work-related stress [4], a highly regulated working environment [5,6], as well as financial competition from other practices and new emerging business models (e.g., medical care centers), or increasing difficulties to find successors willing to pursue a career within a complex and demanding working environment [7,8,9]. This study aims at gaining an in-depth understanding of work-related psychosocial demands and resources in general practices as an example for small enterprises

Results

Discussion

Conclusion