Abstract
Hand instrumentation was compared with ultrasonic and sonic instrumentation in 65 freshly extracted human teeth and 106 monkey incisors and canines in vivo. Following instrumentation the teeth were histologically prepared and examined. Based upon the presence and amount of debris, each case was given a rating. Regardless of the method, no device totally cleaned the canal. In this preliminary study, it was not possible to rank the devices according to their efficiency.
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