Abstract
The success of stealth technologies in the mid‐eighties simultaneously raised the importance of other possible modes of discovery, one of them being acoustic detection. Bass initiated work on a comprehensive model for predicting sound transmission through the atmosphere in order to better assess the propagation. The model first considered atmospheric absorption and ground reflection of sound and would render predictions for single frequencies and spectra. Variability in received signals seemed to be explained by the strong effects of atmospheric temperature refraction, wind advection, and turbulence, but few direct comparisons of measurement to theory existed. To address this, Hank formed several collaborations using ray‐tracing, fast‐field, and parabolic equation methods for modeling refraction and advection, leading to benchmarks for outdoor sound propagation in 1993. Measurements of the short‐term distributions of phase and amplitude over a few hundred meter distance revealed separate scattering regimes, with each being accessible by theory and numerical computation.
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