Work hour constraints in the German nursing workforce: A quarter of a century in review

Abstract

BackgroundWork hour constraints (WHC), or the mismatch between desired and actual worktime, can negatively affect work productivity, job satisfaction, worker health and job fluctuations. ObjectivesThis study analyzes the WHC trends in the German nursing market between 1990 and 2015. MethodsUsing data from 25 waves (1990–1995 and 1997–2015) of the German Socio-Economic Panel, the contractual, actual, and desired worktime among a representative sample of German nurses (N = 6493) were analyzed. The trends in over/underemployment for full and part-time nurses and the modalities/trends in overtime compensation were analyzed. A Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition was used to explain changes in worktime. ResultsAlthough German nurses’ actual and contractual work hours decreased substantially between 1990 and 2015, their desired work hours remained stable (31 h/week), precipitating a persistent gap between actual and desired work hours and an ongoing reliance on overtime. For full-time nurses, the actual work hours consistently exceeded the contracted ones by 3–6 hours. For part-time nurses, the actual and desired work hours have remained very similar, indicating ability to control workforce participation. ConclusionsWHC remained persistently high over the quarter century studied, with overemployment affecting nearly half of the nursing workforce. Overemployment, resulting primarily from overtime, was high among full-time nurses. Study findings could guide the formulation of programs to optimize German nursing workforce participation.