Abstract
A multilateral approach that includes both biotic and climatic data was developed to detect the main variables that affect the ecology and population dynamics of woolly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann). Crawlers migrated up and down the trunk mainly from spring to autumn and horizontal migration through the canopy was observed from May to August. Winter temperatures did not kill the canopy colonies, and both canopy and root colonies are the source of reinfestations in Mediterranean areas. Thus, control measures should simultaneously address roots and canopy. European earwigs Forficula auricularia (Linnaeus) were found to reduce the survival of overwintering canopy colonies up to June, and this can allow their later control by the parasitoid Aphelinus mali (Haldeman) from summer to fall. Preliminary models to predict canopy infestations were developed.
Highlights
Apple aphid (WAA), Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a worldwide pest of apple Malus domestica (Borkhausen)
Trials were performed in three apple orchards located in Catalonia (NE Spain): les Borges Blanques (BB) (41°30′ 23.06′′N; 0°51′05.93′′E), Mollerussa (MO) (41°36′51.13′′N; 0°52′ 22.75′′E) and Ivars d’Urgell (IU) (41°41′06.19′′N; 0°58′06.09′′E)
The orchards were treated with pesticides as follows: Azadirachtin, maximum twice a year around the end of March–April to control rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini), Hemiptera: Aphididae), before Woolly apple aphid (WAA) aerial infestations (AIs) initiate their development; granulosis virus in April and May against codling moth (Cydia pomonella (L.), Lepidoptera: Tortricidae); and lime sulfur from April to May to control apple scab (Venturia inaequalis Cooke)
Summary
Apple aphid (WAA), Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a worldwide pest of apple Malus domestica (Borkhausen) It is a native of North America, where the American elm Ulmus americana (Linnaeus) (Urticales: Ulmaceae) is the primary host and apple the secondary one; in the absence of the primary host it develops on apple throughout the year. Little information is available in Europe (Theobald, 1921; Evenhuis, 1958), especially in Mediterranean areas This aphid colonizes roots and sites on the trunk and branches that have been previously injured, and can colonize undamaged current year shoots (Childs, 1929; Weber & Brown, 1988; Brown et al, 1991; Asante et al, 1993; Asante, 1994; Pringle & Heunis, 2001; Beers et al, 2010). The principal dispersion method between trees involves first instar nymphs (crawlers), which are transported by orchard management practices, migration or wind (Schoene & Underhill, 1935; Nel, 1983; Walker, 1985)
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