Abstract
Wood ash is a naturally alkaline derived substance containing organic and inorganic constituents. This study investigates the catalytic activity of wood ash as a heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of benzochromene derivatives. Several wood ash catalysts, comprising calcium- and potassium-rich carbonates, were prepared from different natural resources under various combustion temperatures. The prepared catalysts were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques. Catalytic efficiency of the resultant catalysts was tested in the synthesis of benzochromene derivatives. The experimental studies clarified that the catalyst prepared at 850 °C could efficiently expedite the formation of three-component synthesis of benzochromene derivatives in water at 80 °C with high yields. Indeed, alkali, alkaline metal, and metal oxides such as Al2O3, SiO2, MgO, CaO, and Fe2O3, are widely utilized as both catalyst and catalyst support in the heterogeneous catalytic processes. The prepared wood ash catalysts (possessing metal oxides, e.g., CuO, Al2O3, SiO2, and CaO) could effectively prompt the electrophilic activity of the carbonyl groups during the nucleophilic attack intermediate, enhancing the efficiency of the reactions.
Highlights
Wood ash is a naturally alkaline derived substance containing organic and inorganic constituents
In continuation of our studies to explore new preparation procedure for main organic compounds[26,27,28,29,30,31,32], we introduce a green method for the synthesis of benzochromene derivatives by an efficient three component reaction of 1-(6-hydroxy-2-isopropenyl-1-benzofuran-yl)-1-ethanone or euparin 133, aldehydes 2, alkyl bromides 3 and triphenylphosphine 4 in the presence of water extract WA (WEWA) as a catalyst in water at 70 °C with good yields
It is observed that both source of wood and combustion temperature affect pH or basicity of the ash samples
Summary
Wood ash is a naturally alkaline derived substance containing organic and inorganic constituents. This study investigates the catalytic activity of wood ash as a heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of benzochromene derivatives. Several wood ash catalysts, comprising calcium- and potassium-rich carbonates, were prepared from different natural resources under various combustion temperatures. The experimental studies clarified that the catalyst prepared at 850 °C could efficiently expedite the formation of three-component synthesis of benzochromene derivatives in water at 80 °C with high yields. The prepared wood ash catalysts (possessing metal oxides, e.g., CuO, Al2O3, SiO2, and CaO) could effectively prompt the electrophilic activity of the carbonyl groups during the nucleophilic attack intermediate, enhancing the efficiency of the reactions. E.g., combustion temperature, fuel wood cleanliness, collection site, and the applied procedure significantly impact the ash production in industries. Water is an inexpensive and green solvent which accelerates the rate of organic reactions for certain compounds
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