Abstract
•Combining qualitative and quantitative methods sheds new light on women's empowerment processes.•Upper caste Nepali women are disempowered by patriarchy; lower caste women by poverty and patriarchy.•Non-migrant husbands mediate the disempowering effects of living with in-laws.•Control over time, not just hours worked, is an important component of empowerment.
Highlights
Recognition of the importance of women’s empowerment, for both intrinsic and instrumental reasons, prompts researchers and develop ment practitioners to seek understanding of the factors that affect empowerment
The majority of the sample con sisted of Dalit (36%), followed by Brahmin/Chhetri (25%), Terai Middle (20%) and Janajati women (11%)
The qualitative findings point out key areas that are missed in the quantitative analysis using the Abbreviated Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (A-WEAI)
Summary
Recognition of the importance of women’s empowerment, for both intrinsic and instrumental reasons, prompts researchers and develop ment practitioners to seek understanding of the factors that affect empowerment. Much of the literature on empowerment has been qualitative, increasingly quantitative indicators are being used to measure empowerment, often to assess the impact of development in terventions (see Alkire et al, 2013; Malapit et al, 2019; Yount et al, 2016). Bringing both qualitative and quantitative methods together is an important means of validating empowerment measures (Jayachandran et al, 2021). Social position in the household, as a mother-in-law or daughter-in-law or wife of a male head of household, is an important factor influencing empowerment
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