Wolf in sheep's clothing - Oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: Progression with longitudinal molecular insights

Abstract

BackgroundOral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (OPVL) is a chronic form of oral leukoplakia that progresses to a multifocal disease with confluent, exophytic and proliferative features. The clinical differential diagnosis for OPVL includes frictional keratosis, leukoplakia, chronic hyperplastic candidiasis, squamous papilloma, verrucous hyperplasia, verrucous carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. In this study, we aimed to delineate the dynamic changes in molecular signature during OPVL progression. We compare to a cohort of oral cavity keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients covering the spectrum of verrucous carcinoma to invasive squamous cell carcinoma including cytologically bland cuniculatum variant. MethodsSamples from a large OPVL lesion that exhibited a histopathologic continuum of OPVL progression. ResultsCanonical hotspot TERT promoter mutations were identified in all patients. TERT C228T was dominant and mutually exclusive with TERT C250T. In patients with TERT C250T, there was concurrent PI3 point mutation. TP53 mutations were also consistently found (8/10). At the protein level, p53 was abnormal, with loss of function and gain of function. ConclusionsOPVL is a pathology that shows proximity to the gene expression profile of OSCC, highlighting signatures in common that can be important targets for drug treatment, as well as in the development of diagnostic and prognostic strategies for this disease.