Abstract
The Wnt pathway, which comprises the canonical and non-canonical pathways, is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that regulates crucial biological aspects throughout the development and adulthood. Emergence and patterning of the nervous and vascular systems are intimately coordinated, a process in which Wnt pathway plays particularly important roles. In the brain, Wnt ligands activate a cell-specific surface receptor complex to induce intracellular signaling cascades regulating neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, neuronal plasticity, synaptic plasticity, angiogenesis, vascular stabilization, and inflammation. The Wnt pathway is tightly regulated in the adult brain to maintain neurovascular functions. Historically, research in neuroscience has emphasized essentially on investigating the pathway in neurodegenerative disorders. Nonetheless, emerging findings have demonstrated that the pathway is deregulated in vascular- and traumatic-mediated brain injuries. These findings are suggesting that the pathway constitutes a promising target for the development of novel therapeutic protective and restorative interventions. Yet, targeting a complex multifunctional signal transduction pathway remains a major challenge. The review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the implication of Wnt pathway in the pathobiology of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, as well as traumatic brain injury (TBI). Furthermore, the review will present the strategies used so far to manipulate the pathway for therapeutic purposes as to highlight potential future directions.
Highlights
The Wnt pathway regroups evolutionarily conserved intracellular signal transduction cascades that regulate key biological aspects, such as cell proliferation, polarity, migration, and fate determination during development (Willert and Nusse, 2012)
The results showed that the transcriptional activity of βcatenin is necessary and sufficient to upregulate the expression of claudin-3, ABCB1 and downregulate plasmalemma vesicle associated protein (PLVAP) in brain endothelial cells, inducing the structural and functional properties of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) (Liebner et al, 2008)
hypoxic postconditioning (HPC) reduced the activity of glycogen synthase kinase3-β (GSK3β), an effect that was recapitulated following the pharmacological inhibition of GSK3β using SB216763 (Zhan et al, 2019). These results suggest that activation of the canonical Wnt pathway through Dkk1 inhibition and GSK3β deactivation jointly contribute to the neuroprotective effects of HPC against ischemic injury (Zhan et al, 2019)
Summary
The Wnt pathway regroups evolutionarily conserved intracellular signal transduction cascades that regulate key biological aspects, such as cell proliferation, polarity, migration, and fate determination during development (Willert and Nusse, 2012). Dkk1-induced expression was correlated with reduced levels of β-catenin in ischemic neurons, outlining Dkk1 potency in modulating canonical Wnt pathway (Mastroiacovo et al, 2009).
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