Abstract
The wingless (Wnt) signaling is suggested as a fundamental hierarchical pathway in regulation of proliferation and differentiation of cells. The Wnt ligands are small proteins of about 40 kDa essentially for regulation and initiation of the Wnt activity. They are secreted proteins requiring acylation for activity in the Wnt signaling cascade and for functional interactivity with transmembrane proteins. Dual lipidation is important for posttranslational activation of the overwhelming number of Wnt proteins and is probably involved in their spatial distribution. The intestinal mucosa, where Wnt signaling is essential in configuration and maintenance, is an established model to study Wnt proteins and their role in carcinogenesis and cancer. The intestinal crypt-villus/crypt-plateau axis, a cellular system with self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation, is tightly coordinated by a Wnt gradient. In the review, some attention is given to Wnt3, Wnt3A, and Wnt2B as important members of the Wnt family to address the role of lipidation and modifiers of Wnt proteins in intestinal carcinogenesis. Wnt3 is an important player in establishing the Wnt gradient in intestinal crypts and is mainly produced by Paneth cells. Wnt2B is characterized as a mitochondrial protein and shuttles between mitochondria and the nucleus. Porcupine and ACSL5, a long-chain fatty acid activating enzyme, are introduced as modifiers of Wnts and as interesting strategy to targeting Wnt-driven carcinogenesis.
Highlights
Wingless (Wnt) proteins are important mediators of cell proliferation and differentiation by activation of cell surface receptors
Some attention is given to Wnt3, Wnt3A, and Wnt2B as important members of the Wnt family to address the role of lipidation and modifiers of Wnt proteins in intestinal carcinogenesis
Modifiers of Wnt proteins and Wnt signaling are suggested as interesting molecular targets for anti-cancer strategies, because activation/dysregulation of Wnt signaling pathways are strongly involved in initiation and progression of neoplasias [48,59]
Summary
Wingless (Wnt) proteins are important mediators of cell proliferation and differentiation by activation of cell surface receptors. In Wnt responder cells, the Wnt signaling includes the canonical β-catenin pathway and several types of non-canonical pathway activities. Wnt-related transcriptional gene activity has beengene characterized in been several tissue compartments tissue compartments including small intestinal mucosa crypts and several types of stem cells [2,9]. Since Wnt signaling is essential in several biological phenomena including proliferation and development of of cells, cells, organs organs as as well well as as complex complex biological biological systems, systems, increasing increasing evidence evidence is is given given that that development this important signaling pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of many types of diseases [10,11].
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