WITHDRAWN: Green synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles using Calendula officinalis leaves extract: Chemical characterization and anti-lung cancer activity

Abstract

• CoNPs@ Calendula officinalis has the therapeutic effects. • CoNPs@ Calendula officinalis has the anticancer activities. • The results of the CoNPs@ Calendula officinalis have shown that the present nanoparticles has been green-synthesized as the best. A green, productive, and environmentally method was developed for the valuable study and the effective preparation of the biosynthesis of cobalt nanoparticles using aqueous extracts from the leaf of Calendula officinalis because of reducing and stabilizing factor. The simplicity of the reaction, heterogeneous system, and easy work up are the benefits of the present method. Structural and morphological Characterization of bio‐synthesized CoNPs@ C. officinalis was performed by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) that SEM images have exhibited an equal and uniform spherical morphology in size of 37.0 nm. In the antioxidant test, DPPH teat was investigated. The IC 50 of CoNPs@ C. officinalis and BHT against DPPH free radicals were 251 and 73 µg/mL, respectively. In the cellular and molecular part of the recent study, the treated cells with CoNPs@ C. officinalis were assessed by MTT assay for 48h about the cytotoxicity and anti-human lung carcinoma properties on normal (HUVEC) and lung carcinoma cell lines i.e., PC-14, HLC-1 and LC-2/ad. The IC 50 of CoNPs@ C. officinalis were 257, 374, and 313 µg/mL against PC-14, HLC-1 and LC-2/ad cell lines, respectively. The viability of malignant lung cell lines reduced dose-dependently in the presence of CoNPs@ C. officinalis . It appears that the anti-human lung carcinoma effect of CoNPs@ C. officinalis is due to their antioxidant effects.