Withania somnifera extract attenuates stem cell factor-stimulated pigmentation in human epidermal equivalents through interruption of ERK phosphorylation within melanocytes

Abstract

We previously demonstrated that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, including microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, is a major pathway involved in up-regulating melanogenesis within human melanocytes in several hyperpigmentary disorders such as UVB melanosis and lentigo senilis. Recently, a redox imbalance was shown to be closely linked to a variety of altered cellular responses in which the precise balance between levels of oxidizing and reducing equivalents that reflect the intracellular redox condition profoundly affects intracellular signaling pathways, especially the MAPK pathway. To elucidate the effects of redox balance regulation on epidermal pigmentation, we used an antioxidant-rich extract of the herb Withania somnifera to assess its effect on stem cell factor (SCF)-stimulated pigmentation in human epidermal equivalents and analyzed its biological mechanism of action. Addition of the W. somnifera extract (WSE) caused a marked reduction in SCF-stimulated pigmentation in a dose-dependent manner after 14days of treatment, which was accompanied by a significant decrease in eumelanin content. In WSE-treated human epidermal equivalents, melanocyte-specific proteins (including tyrosinase) were significantly suppressed at the gene and protein levels by WSE. Signaling analysis with immunoblots revealed that in human melanocytes or human melanoma cells treated with WSE, there was a marked deficiency in SCF-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK, MITF and CREB, but not of Raf-1 and MEK. Since WSE had no direct inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity and no melano-cytotoxic effect on melanocytes present in the human epidermal equivalents or on cultured human melanocytes, the sum of these findings indicates that WSE attenuates SCF-stimulated pigmentation by preferentially interrupting ERK phosphorylation within melanocytes and can serve as a therapeutic tool for SCF-associated hyperpigmentary disorders.