Abstract

Natural phenomena taking place on the Sun and in the solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere can affect a variety of modern technological systems. Collectively termed “space weather,” these phenomena produce effects ranging from spacecraft charging and radiation damage to geomagnetically induced currents in terrestrial power grids. A subset of space weather phenomena, either generated in direct response to solar disturbances or due to ongoing atmospheric dynamics (ultimately solar driven, as well), takes place in the ionosphere.

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