Wissenschaftliche Bewertung und rechtliche Zulassung von radiologischen Früherkennungsuntersuchungen in Deutschland

Abstract

Radiologic imaging technologies like computed tomography (CT) have the potential to screen for various diseases. The potential benefits of screening are always associated with risks, particularly from the application of ionizing radiation. The International Basic Safety Standards as well as the Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom have set guidelines for the application of ionizing radiation in early detection which were transposed into the German Radiation Protection Law. Accordingly, the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) approves screening examinations on ageneric level, based on ascientific report provided by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), and defines in afederal statutory ordinance which type of screening is permissible for detecting adisease for aparticular group of persons and under which conditions. With exception of the mammography screening programme, no radiological examination for the early detection of disease has been approved in Germany to date. However, such screenings are currently being offered in Germany. The BfS is currently conducting ascientific evaluation for lung cancer screening with low-dose CT. Screening examinations with radiological imaging can only be approved when studies with the highest level of evidence have demonstrated that the benefits outweigh the risks. To translate this favourable benefit-risk balance into general health care, strict requirements for the entire screening process including quality assurance must be defined.