Abstract
BackgroundChronic Tic Disorder (CTD), Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are complex neuropsychiatric disorders that frequently co-occur. The aim of this study was to examine WISC-IV performance of a clinical cohort of children with CTD, OCD and/or ADHD.MethodsN = 185 children aged 6 to 17 years from Germany with CTD, OCD and/or ADHD were examined with the WISC-IV that comprises four index scores (VCI: Verbal Comprehension Index, PRI: Perceptual Reasoning Index, WMI: Working Memory Index, PSI: Processing Speed Index) and a Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ). WISC-IV profiles of children with CTD-only, OCD-only, ADHD-only, CTD+ADHD, CTD+OCD and CTD+OCD+ADHD were compared with the WISC-IV norm (N = 1650, M = 100 and SD = 15) and among each other.ResultsUnpaired t-tests revealed that children with ADHD-only showed significant lower PSI scores, whereas children with CTD-only and OCD-only had significant higher VCI scores as compared to the German WISC-IV norm. One-way ANOVA revealed that children with ADHD-only showed significant lower WMI scores as compared to children with CTD+OCD.ConclusionsWe were able to confirm previous evidence on WISC-IV profiles in ADHD in a German clinical sample and contribute new findings on cognitive performance in children with (non-)comorbid CTD and OCD that have to be seen in light of the study’s limitations.
Highlights
Chronic Tic Disorder (CTD), Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are complex neuropsychiatric disorders that frequently co-occur
Post hoc Bonferroni tests showed that children with ADHD-only and CTD+ADHD were significantly younger than children with CTD-only, OCD-only and CTD+OCD
For children with CTD-only (78% where diagnosed with TS) and OCDonly significant higher mean scores in Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) (CTD-only: t = 3.126, df = 1694, p < 0.004, OCD-only t = 2.433, df = 1669, p = 0.032) were found when comparing profiles with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children for Children (WISC)-IV norm
Summary
Chronic Tic Disorder (CTD), Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are complex neuropsychiatric disorders that frequently co-occur. The aim of this study was to examine WISC-IV performance of a clinical cohort of children with CTD, OCD and/or ADHD. Tourette Syndrome, TS), Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood which tend to occur frequently as comorbid conditions [1,2,3,4]. The mean onset of CTD is at the age of 6 years. In about 0.5% to 3% of all children tics become chronic and last longer than 1 year. The most common comorbidity of CTD is ADHD (up to 60%), followed by OCD (about 20 to 30%) [8, 9]
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