Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) has rapidly expanded for a wide range of applications towards a smart future world by connecting everything. As a result, new challenges emerge in meeting the requirements of IoT applications while retaining optimal performance. These challenges may include power consumption, quality of service, localization, security, and accurate modeling and characterization of wireless channel propagation. Among these challenges, the latter is critical to establishing point-to-point wireless communication between the sensors. Channel modeling also varies depending on the features of the surrounding area, which have a direct impact on the propagation of wireless signals. This presents a difficult task for network planners to efficiently design and deploy IoT applications without understanding the appropriate channel model to analyze coverage and predict optimal deployment configurations. As a result, this challenge has attracted considerable interest in academic and industrial communities in recent years. Therefore, this review presents an overview of current breakthroughs in wireless IoT technologies. The challenges in such applications are then briefly reviewed, focusing on wireless channel propagation modeling and characterization. Finally, the study gives a generalized form of commonly used channel models and a summary of recent channel modeling developments for wireless IoT technology. The outcome of this review is expected to provide a new understanding of the propagation behavior of present and future wireless IoT technologies, allowing network engineers to undertake correct planning and deployment in any environment. Additionally, the study may serve as a guideline for future channel modeling and characterization studies.
Highlights
Wireless Channel Characteristics are essential in any communication system since they directly affect wireless signals traveling from the transmitter (Tx) to receiver (Rx)
This study examined the impact of artificial neural network (ANN) architectures, dimension, and training sample percentage on Path loss (PL) prediction models, finding that 60% of training samples from training sets is sufficient for a high-efficiency and stable PL prediction model
For any communication system, the wireless channel characteristics are a critical parameter that directly affects the wireless signal traveling from the transmitter to the receiver antenna through the channel
Summary
Wireless Channel Characteristics are essential in any communication system since they directly affect wireless signals traveling from the transmitter (Tx) to receiver (Rx). The remaining studies focus on performance evaluation and surveying the suitability of existing models for traditional communication technologies with high transmission power, high power devices, and high gain antennas without considering IoT-based application requirements. As a result of the crucial IoT application requirements [13], [20], Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) are emerging as an exciting new trend in the growth of wireless communication systems. Accurate Wireless Channel Propagation Modeling and Characterization For wireless systems, the surrounding environment, such as terrain, plant height and density, and obstacles, can affect the received signal [71] As a result, these channel imperfections cause signal power loss, which affects QoS, causing poor communication and a higher number of data packet retransmissions between nodes. The sections will focus on this challenge, providing an overview of wireless channel modeling and characterization concepts, current wellknown and regularly used models, and a survey of the most recent works aiming at wireless channel modeling
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