Abstract
State-of-the-art technology of nano-sensors and actuators enables diagnostics and treatment on the scale of biological cells. However, an advanced medical application should allow the direct feedback of a sensed signal to an actuation, e.g., an action potential propagation through an axon or a special cell activity might be sensed and suppressed by an actuator through voltage stimulation or chemical agent delivery. Such a complex procedure calls for building a communication network between sensors and actuators, but is challenged with issues, such as intensive signal collisions, protocol simplification, and communication efficiency. We propose a collision segregation method and the protocol of collision segregation via learning. Simulations of stress tests show its advantages as compared to the performance of the traditional methods for wireless body area networks. The potential applications are discussed in detail, such as photothermal cancer therapy and anti-cancer drug delivery.
Highlights
With the rapid development of bio- and nano-technology, the state-of-the-art sensors can extract information from biological cells, such as the action potential, pH-value, pharmacokinetic parameters, proteinase activity, and even molecular events, by converting chemical information or conformational change into electrical or optical signals [1]–[13]
Unlike other comparable protocols including wireless body area networks (WBANs) [33], radio-frequency identification (RFID) [39], and the wireless sensor network (WSN) [40], which consider more complex communication situations, the application has a strong restraint on size and power, and needs only simple messages to communicate, including the sensing information, the command towards an actuator, the acknowledgement (ACK) signal, and the extensions, such as relay route
PHOTOTHERMAL CANCER THERAPY In this application example, secondary nodes adopt singlewalled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) antennas [25], [26] or gold nanorod antennas [19], [20], which function as both sensors and actuators, and the ad-hoc network of primary nodes consists of only sensors, which, as the design in Fig. 9, can realize communications based on optical antennas
Summary
With the rapid development of bio- and nano-technology, the state-of-the-art sensors can extract information from biological cells, such as the action potential, pH-value, pharmacokinetic parameters, proteinase activity, and even molecular events, by converting chemical information or conformational change into electrical or optical signals [1]–[13]. Unlike other comparable protocols including WBAN [33], radio-frequency identification (RFID) [39], and the wireless sensor network (WSN) [40], which consider more complex communication situations, the application has a strong restraint on size and power, and needs only simple messages to communicate, including the sensing information, the command towards an actuator, the acknowledgement (ACK) signal, and the extensions, such as relay route. In order to solve the problem, we propose the method of collision segregation and a corresponding protocol, according to the feature of cell-level sensing and actuation It leverages the basic methods of time division, collision detection, and collision avoidance, and adapts the setting to the application for optimization. A receiving node uses CDC to detect collisions: if finding more than one ‘1’ bit in CDC, the receiving node early terminates receiving operations and enters the energy-saving state for this slot
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