Abstract
Employing electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in new wireless communication and sensing technologies has substantially increased the level of human exposure to EMF waves. This paper presents a useful insight into the interaction of electromagnetic fields with biological media that is defined by the heat generation due to induced currents and dielectric loss. The specific absorption rate (SAR) defines the heating amount in a biological medium that is irradiated by an electromagnetic field value. The paper reviews the radio frequency hazards due to the SAR based on various safety standards and organisations, including a detailed investigation of previously published work in terms of modelling and measurements. It also summarises the most common techniques utilised between 1978 and 2021, in terms of the operational frequency spectrum, bandwidth, and SAR values.
Highlights
Wireless Internet connectivity through a telecommunication network becomes an essential communication tool for machines [1], people [2], vehicles [3], infrastructures [4,5], and a wide range of devices that make up the Internet of Things (IoTs) [6,7]
The basic constraints for the verification of mobile tele-communication equipment (EMT) compliance tests are specified in terms of the average specific absorption rate (SAR) values over a tissue mass of 1 g (ANSI-Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) (The American National Standards Institute-Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) C95.1-1992, FCC) or 10 g (ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection, April 1998)), and CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation) 50166-2)
To verify the efficiency and resilience Electronics 2022, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW of the proposed SAR/PLD model, four computational and one experimental 2s2aomf 3p3le are provided. Both the simulated and measured results show that when the model order is set to three, the high-order model achieves the highest accuracy in calculating and functpiorneds iecftfiincgienthtleyminaxthime uLmTESbAaRnd/sPLoDf 1v8a0l0u, e2s3.0I0t, haansda2l5so00bMeeHn zs,haoswwnetlhl aats tihnethheig5hG-order and mmiolldimelefturen–cwtioanvse ecfofimcimenutlnyiciantitohne LfrTeEqubeanncdysboafn1d8s00o,f22380000, aMnHd z25a0n0dM10H0zG, aHs zw. eItllaalssoin the opera5tGesawndellmfoilrlivmaertireed–wnuamvebecrosmomf turnanicsamtiiotntinfrgeqgeusetnucryesb, aanndtesnonfa2s8, 0a0ndMgHezomanedtri1e0s0, iGnH- z
Summary
Wireless Internet connectivity through a telecommunication network becomes an essential communication tool for machines [1], people [2], vehicles [3], infrastructures [4,5], and a wide range of devices that make up the Internet of Things (IoTs) [6,7]. The electrical currents of RF in both the antenna itself as well as in the handheld case of the mobile device will certainly carry some RF electrical fields into the tissue Some of this radiation energy may be absorbed by the human tissue, which leads to an increase in the tissue temperature. The SAR is defined as the average value in a finite tissue volume, while the power absorbed by the whole human body divided by the mass of the body is obtained by the whole-body average, SARWba. The basic constraints for the verification of mobile tele-communication equipment (EMT) compliance tests are specified in terms of the average SAR values over a tissue mass of 1 g (ANSI-IEEE (The American National Standards Institute-Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) C95.1-1992, FCC) or 10 g (ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection, April 1998)), and CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation) 50166-2). Are some details about the organisations that produce these standards
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