Abstract
As the second century of wireless communication is approaching, both the new applications and the old ones, particularly the personal communication service (PCS), are rapidly growing and spreading. Health effects of human exposure to radio and microwave radiation have been investigated for over half a century, and considerable knowledge has been accumulated on biological effects of this radiation. This has resulted in development of protection standards in various countries, including the most recent revision of the ANSI standard (1992) in the United States. But as new technologies, particularly cellular telephones proliferate, new questions are asked. These questions are related to the effect of close proximity of an antenna to the telephone user's head, and the specific waveform of the transmitted signal. Both of these questions are considered below. It is interesting to note that the antenna design that improves radiation performance also limits energy deposition in the user's head.
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