Abstract
Wireless channel propagation characteristics and models are important to ensure the communication quality of wireless sensor networks in agriculture. Wireless channel attenuation experiments were carried out at different node antenna heights (0.8 m, 1.2 m, 1.6 m, and 2.0 m) in the tillering, jointing, and grain filling stages of rice fields. We studied the path loss variation trends at different transmission distances and analyzed the differences between estimated values and measured values of path loss in a free space model and a two-ray model. Regression analysis of measured path loss values was used to establish a one-slope log-distance model and propose a modified two-slope log-distance model. The attenuation speed in wireless channel propagation in rice fields intensified with rice developmental stage and the transmission range had monotone increases with changes in antenna height. The relative error (RE) of estimation in the free space model and the two-ray model under four heights ranged from 6.48–15.49% and 2.09–13.51%, respectively, and these two models were inadequate for estimating wireless channel path loss in rice fields. The ranges of estimated RE for the one-slope and modified two-slope log-distance models during the three rice developmental stages were 2.40–2.25% and 1.89–1.31%, respectively. The one-slope and modified two-slope log-distance model had better applicability for modeling of wireless channels in rice fields. The estimated RE values for the modified two-slope log-distance model were all less than 2%, which improved the performance of the one-slope log-distance model. This validates that the modified two-slope log-distance model had better applicability in a rice field environment than the other models. These data provide a basis for modeling of sensor network channels and construction of wireless sensor networks in rice fields. Our results will aid in the design of effective rice field WSNs and increase the transmission quality in rice field sensor networks.
Highlights
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are composed of many sensor nodes in self-organization and multi-hop modes
We found that the degree of received signal strength indication (RSSI) attenuation under four antenna heights had the following order: grain filling stage > jointing stage > tillering stage
The degree of RSSI attenuation showed monotone decreases with changes in antenna height, but the transmission range showed monotone increases with antenna height
Summary
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are composed of many sensor nodes in self-organization and multi-hop modes. In agriculture, these networks can provide real-time and efficient acquisition of environmental and crop data. These networks can provide real-time and efficient acquisition of environmental and crop data They can effectively decrease labor requirements and reduce the costs of agricultural production [1,2]. As signal transmission paths between transmitter ends and receiver ends in WSN, wireless channels are affected by terrain, crop height, crop density, field obstacles, and node layout of the farm environment [3]. Darr et al [4] used empirical testing methods to study path loss in poultry farms. Poultry cages and Sensors 2018, 18, 3116; doi:10.3390/s18093116 www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors
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