Abstract
Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has been considered as a promising technology for the production of large metallic structures with high deposition rates and low cost. Stainless steels are widely applied due to good mechanical properties and excellent corrosion resistance. This paper reviews the current status of stainless steel WAAM, covering the microstructure, mechanical properties, and defects related to different stainless steels and process parameters. Residual stress and distortion of the WAAM manufactured components are discussed. Specific WAAM techniques, material compositions, process parameters, shielding gas composition, post heat treatments, microstructure, and defects can significantly influence the mechanical properties of WAAM stainless steels. To achieve high quality WAAM stainless steel parts, there is still a strong need to further study the underlying physical metallurgy mechanisms of the WAAM process and post heat treatments to optimize the WAAM and heat treatment parameters and thus control the microstructure. WAAM samples often show considerable anisotropy both in microstructure and mechanical properties. The new in-situ rolling + WAAM process is very effective in reducing the anisotropy, which also can reduce the residual stress and distortion. For future industrial applications, fatigue properties, and corrosion behaviors of WAAMed stainless steels need to be deeply studied in the future. Additionally, further efforts should be made to improve the WAAM process to achieve faster deposition rates and better-quality control.
Highlights
Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques adopt layer-by-layer accumulation with the aid of CAD/CAM model to develop three dimensional (3D) products
AM (abbreviations used in the standard, AM processes include vat photo-polymerization (VP), binder jetting (BJ), material paper are summarized in Table 1) techniques have the ability to produce complex components with extrusion (ME), material jetting (MJ), sheet lamination (SL), powder bed fusion (PBF), and directed less waste of materials and energy, and shorter processing cycle [2,3]
Recent studies on Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of various stainless steels have been reviewed from the aspects of macroscopic characteristics, microstructure evolution, post heat treatments, residual stress and distortion, defects, and mechanical properties
Summary
Wanwan Jin 1,2,† , Chaoqun Zhang 1, *,† , Shuoya Jin 3 , Yingtao Tian 4 , Daniel Wellmann 1,4 and. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacture for Thin-Walled Structures, School of Mechanical. Received: 22 January 2020; Accepted: 21 February 2020; Published: 25 February 2020. Featured Application: Wire arc additive manufacturing has been applied in aerospace (such as stiffened panels, wing ribs), nuclear energy, marine (such as ship’s propeller) and architecture (such as steel bridge) industries
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