Winter Irrigation Effects on Soil Moisture, Temperature and Salinity, and on Cotton Growth in Salinized Fields in Northern Xinjiang, China

Ling Li,Guang Yang,En Lin,Xinlin He,Hongguang Liu

doi:10.3390/su12187573

Abstract

Winter irrigation affected the movement of soil moisture, temperature, and salt, which was an effective improvement measure widely used in seasonal freeze–thaw areas. In this paper, we investigated the effects of different salinized cotton fields (mild salinization (S1), 5.15 g·kg−1; moderate salinization (S2), 8.17 g·kg−1; severe salinization (S3), 11.15 g·kg−1) and different winter irrigation rates (W0, 0 m3·hm-2; W1, 3000 m3·hm-2; W2, 3600 m3·hm-2; W3, 4200 m3·hm-2) on soil moisture, temperature, salinity, and cotton growth in seasonal freeze–thaw areas. The results showed that the winter irrigation affected the temporal and spatial dynamics of soil moisture, temperature, and salinity, and the winter irrigation rate and degree of soil salinization were significantly correlated with soil moisture, temperature, and salinity (p < 0.01). Winter irrigation stabilized the soil temperature and reduced the freeze–thaw index of the soil. The heat conservation effect of winter irrigation increased with increasing winter irrigation rate and salinization degree, with the greatest effect on the freezing index of S2 and on the thawing index of S3. The soil water content and total salt concentration before spring tillage were significantly correlated with winter irrigation rate and degree of soil salinization (p < 0.05), and when the winter irrigation quota of different salinized cotton fields was greater than 3600 m3·hm-2, the moisture content of soil layer 0–100cm increased by more than 20%, and the desalination reached over 40%, compared with the values before winter irrigation. Winter irrigation improved the emergence rate and yield of cotton, with the soil salinization degree being significantly negatively correlated and winter irrigation rate significantly positively correlated with the emergence rate and yield of cotton fields in the following year (p < 0.01). Compared with the control treatment without winter irrigation, the average increases in cotton yield were W3 (53.32%) > W2 (45.00%) > W1 (29.36%). There was no significant difference in seedling emergence rate or yield between slightly and moderately salinized cotton fields under high winter irrigation rates (W2 and W3) (p > 0.05), although the seedling emergence rate and yield of severely salinized cotton fields increased significantly with increasing winter irrigation rate. In conclusion, winter irrigation proved to be a valuable treatment for severely salinized cotton fields, and the results of this study allowed us to determine the optimal winter irrigation rate for saline alkali cotton fields.

Highlights

Xinjiang, in Northwest China, is located in the mid-latitude seasonal freeze–thaw zone, and its salinized soil area accounts for 22.01% of the total saline–alkali land area in China [1], which is the area with the widest distribution area and the heaviest soil salt concentration in China
At the same winter irrigation rate, the soil temperature in soil salinities S1, S2, and S3 increased by an average of 17.18%, 22.03%, and 46.28%, respectively, compared with the control group without winter irrigation; at the same soil salinity, the soil temperature under the winter irrigation rates W1, W2, and W3 increased by 24.77%, 29.27%, and 31.43% on average, respectively, compared with the control group without winter irrigation
Winter irrigation affected the temporal and spatial migration of soil water and salt in salinized cotton fields, the salt concentration change in the frozen soil layer was related to the salt gradient of the soil solution before freezing

Summary

Introduction

In Northwest China, is located in the mid-latitude seasonal freeze–thaw zone, and its salinized soil area accounts for 22.01% of the total saline–alkali land area in China [1], which is the area with the widest distribution area and the heaviest soil salt concentration in China. Freezing and thawing is a unique mechanism of soil salinization in seasonal freeze–thaw areas [3]; strong freeze–thaw action drives the water to migrate to the frozen surface of the soil surface, resulting in salt migration and accumulation from groundwater and deep soil layers to the surface layers [4]. The seedling emergence rate, quality, and yield of cotton are heavily affected by soil salinization [7]; when the soil salt concentration exceeded 0.58%, the emergence rate of cotton was low and could even result in no yield [8]. The damage caused by soil salinization directly limits the sustainable economic development of the Xinjiang region [9,10,11]

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion