Abstract
The state of the art in temporary seismology installations for years has been stand-alone sites. In such an installation, sites are typically visited once a month to collect data and check station health. The benefit is that stand-alone stations are very quick to permit and install, and sites are not limited by local infrastructure ( i.e. , telephone or Internet) to collect data. Moreover, the technology for such installations is well-tested and mature. The downside is that the state of health of the system is unknown between data collection intervals, and when an interesting earthquake occurs researchers must wait for the data. In places where the local networks are sparse, the time to acquire data from temporary networks can be of great importance to the local population. The technology to transport and share large amounts of data rapidly has increased dramatically over the past 10 years with the development of the Internet. Tools and protocols have been developed to link millions of users to millions of Web sites and data repositories. The Center for Embedded Networked Sensing (CENS) developed the Wirelessly Linked Seismological Network (WiLSoN) to extend the Internet into a seismological network. The seismology community already has deployed radios in both temporary ( e.g. , Werner-Allen et al. 2006) and permanent seismic networks ( e.g. , the High Performance Wireless Research and Education Network, the Southern California Seismic Network, USArray, the U.S. National Seismic Network, the Mexican Servicio Sismologico Nacional, and the Global Seismic Network) in the past. The goal of extending the Internet into a seismological network is to be able to dramatically increase scalability, to improve monitoring of the state of the network, and to improve ease of deployment. A freshly deployed seismic station within WiLSoN is able to join the network much like a laptop in a coffee shop. …
Highlights
The state of the art in temporary seismology installations for years has been stand-alone sites
CENS developed the Disruption Tolerant Shell (DTS) software to manage this type of network (Lukac et al 2006)
DTS adds a 2-KB header to every data file transferred through the seismic stations to log information about each node along the path traveled by the data
Summary
The state of the art in temporary seismology installations for years has been stand-alone sites In such an installation, sites are typically visited once a month to collect data and check station health. Fifty of the sites were the typical stand-alone stations that have been used most frequently in temporary installations This included the seismometer, data-logger (Reftek in this case, http://www.reftek.com/), battery, and solar panel. Each base station was a RAID-1 configured desktop computer providing fault-tolerant data storage as well as processing power These were connected to the Internet, which allowed us to receive the data from the field stations, transfer it to a big data storage array at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and remotely monitor stations in real time. The result was greatly reduced radio bandwidth in many cases and a “challenged network.” CENS developed the Disruption Tolerant Shell (DTS) software to manage this type of network (Lukac et al 2006). Lukac et al (2006) describe the DTS computer science theory in detail, and Lukac et al (2007) give a computer science study of the wireless connections from the experiment
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