Abstract
Poor sanitation worldwide leads to an annual loss of approximately $222.9 billion and is the second leading cause of Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY's) lost due to diarrhoea. Yet in Kenya, the slow rate and levels at which the household's access improved sanitation facilities remain a concern, and it is unknown if the cost of new technologies is a barrier to access. This study assessed the maximum willingness to pay (WTP) for SAFI and SATO sanitation products and identified those factors that affect the willingness to pay (WTP) valuation estimates by households in three counties in Kenya. It used quantitative economic evaluation research integrated within a cross-sectional survey. Contingent valuation method (CVM) was used to determine the maximum WTP for sanitation in households. We used the logistic regression model in data analysis. A total of 211 households were interviewed in each county, giving a total sample size of 633 households. The mean WTP for SAFI latrines was $153.39 per household, while the mean WTP for SATO pans and SATO stools was $11.49 and $14.77 respectively. For SAFI latrines, households in Kakamega were willing to pay $6.6 more than average while in Siaya, the households were willing to pay $5.1 less than the average. The main determinants of households WTP for the two sanitation products included household's proximity to the toilet (p = 0.0001), household income (β = .2245741, p = 0.004), sanitation product (β = -2968.091; p = 0.004), socioeconomic status (β = -3305.728, p = 0.004) and a household's satisfaction level with the current toilet (β = -4570.602; p = 0.0001). Increased proximity of households to the toilet, higher incomes, and providing loan facilities or subsidy to poor households could increase the demand for these sanitation technologies.
Highlights
Access to improved sanitation facilities has several public health benefits, including reduced communicable diseases such as soil-transmitted helminths (STH), cholera, diarrhea, trachoma [1], and malnutrition [2,3,4]
The survey revealed that prices were not a determinant for demand in SATO products in the three counties
To increase sanitation coverage with SATO products, we recommend use of incentives that motivate front line demand activators and marketing agents capable of activating the latent demand observed in communities
Summary
Access to improved sanitation facilities has several public health benefits, including reduced communicable diseases such as soil-transmitted helminths (STH), cholera, diarrhea, trachoma [1], and malnutrition [2,3,4]. Sewerage business cannot attract private sector investments due to presumably low returns and high-risk conditions. Onsite sanitation, such as ventilated improved pit latrines or latrines connected to septic tanks, are viewed as viable solutions in most rural populations. Governments in LMIC have limited public funding and are unable or reluctant to finance onsite sanitation against a backlog of other priorities. Most governments in LMIC are still actively engaging stakeholders to expand innovations in affordable and responsive sanitation technologies that meet consumer demand
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