Will dairy cattle production in West Africa be challenged by heat stress in the future?

Jaber Rahimi,Diarra Dieng,An M O Notenbaert,Klaus Butterbach-Bahl,John Yumbya Mutua

doi:10.1007/s10584-020-02733-2

Abstract

This study focuses on heat stress conditions for dairy cattle production in West Africa under current and future climatic conditions. After testing the accuracy of the dynamically downscaled climate datasets for simulating the historical daily maximum temperature (Tmax) and relative humidity (RH) in West Africa for 50 meteorological stations, we used the dataset for calculating the temperature-humidity index (THI), i.e., an index indicating heat stress for dairy cattle on a daily scale. Calculations were made for the historical period (1981–2010) using the ERA-Interim reanalysis dataset, and for two future periods (2021–2050 and 2071–2100) using climate predictions of the GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2-ES, and MPI-ESM-MR Global Circulation Models (GCMs) under the RCP4.5 emission scenario. Here, we show that during the period from 1981 to 2010 for > 1/5 of the region of West Africa, the frequency of severe/danger heat events per year, i.e., events that result in significant decreases in productive and reproductive performances, increased from 11 to 29–38 days (significant at 95% confidence level). Most obvious changes were observed for the eastern and southeastern parts. Under future climate conditions periods with severe/danger heat stress events will increase further as compared with the historical period by 5–22% depending on the GCM used. Moreover, the average length of periods with severe/danger heat stress is expected to increase from ~ 3 days in the historical period to ~ 4–7 days by 2021–2050 and even to up to 10 days by 2071–2100. Based on the average results of three GCMs, by 2071–2100, around 22% of dairy cattle population currently living in this area is expected to experience around 70 days more of severe/danger heat stress (compare with the historical period), especially in the southern half of West Africa. The result is alarming, as it shows that dairy production systems in West Africa are jeopardized at large scale by climate change and that depending on the GCM used, milk production might decrease by 200–400 kg/year by 2071–2100 in around 1, 7, or 11%. Our study calls for the development of improved dairy cattle production systems with higher adaptive capacity in order to deal with expected future heat stress conditions.

Highlights

Climate change is happening and affects all aspects of agricultural systems and food security in the future (Schmidhuber and Tubiello 2007)
temperaturehumidity index (THI) values have been calculated for both the historical and future conditions, using daily Tmax and relative humidity (RH) data from 50 meteorological stations and four dynamically downscaled datasets (i.e., ERA-Interim, GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2-ES, and MPI-ESM-MR models downscaled by WRF)
Bohmanova et al (2007) by comparing seven different THI equations in semiarid and humid climates in the USA indicated that they differ in scale, they follow a similar pattern and the largest differences between equations were observed in summer months. & Investigating the historical heat stress condition in West Africa (WA) indicated that, during the historical period of 1981–2010, most regions already have experienced an increasing trend of dangerous heat stress for dairy cattle, especially in the eastern and southeastern parts of WA. & Calculating the average frequency of heat stress categories in WA based on GFDLESM2M, HadGEM2-ES, and MPI-ESM-MR projections indicated that the frequency of dangerous heat stress events is expected to significantly increase under future climate conditions, especially in the southern regions

Summary

Introduction

Climate change is happening and affects all aspects of agricultural systems and food security in the future (Schmidhuber and Tubiello 2007). This is especially true in West Africa (WA), a region which is highly vulnerable to climate change due to low adaptive capacity (FAO 2007). Previous studies demonstrated that temperature and humidity changes above the comfort zone will affect livestock in several ways. It influences their production and performance and even increases mortality rate depending on species, genetic potential, life stage, and nutritional status (Hahn 1999; Kadzere et al 2002; West 2003). Heat stress decreases the forage intake by 18% and decreases milk yield by 32% at 32 °C compared with 16 °C (Chase 2006)

Objectives

Methods

Findings

Conclusion