Abstract
BackgroundApramycin is used exclusively for the treatment of Escherichia coli (E.coli) infections in swine around the world since the early 1980s. Recently, many research papers have demonstrated that apramycin has significant in vitro activity against multidrug-resistant E.coli isolated in hospitals. Therefore, ensuring the proper use of apramycin in veterinary clinics is of great significance of public health. The objectives of this study were to develop a wild-type cutoff for apramycin against E.coli using a statistical method recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and to investigate the prevalence of resistance genes that confer resistance to apramycin in E. coli.ResultsApramycin susceptibility testing of 1230 E.coli clinical isolates from swine were determinded by broth microdilution testing according to the CLSI document M07-A9. A total number of 310 E.coli strains from different minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) subsets (0.5–256 μg/mL) were selected for the detection of resistance genes (aac(3)-IV; npmA; apmA) in E. coli by PCR. The percentage of E. coli isolates at each MIC (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256 μg/mL) was 0.08, 0.08, 0.16, 2.93, 31.14, 38.86, 12.85, 2.03, 1.46, and 10.41%. The MIC50 and MIC90 were 16 and 64 μg/mL. All the 310 E.coli isolates were negative for npmA and apmA gene, and only the aac(3)-IV gene was detected in this study.ConclusionsThe wild-type cutoff for apramycin against E.coli was defined as 32 μg/mL. The prevelance of aac(3)-IV gene mainly concentrated in these MIC subsets ‘MIC ≥ 64 μg/ mL’, which indicates that the wild-type cutoff established in our study is reliable. The wild-type cutoff offers interpretion criteria of apramycin susceptibility testing of E.coli.
Highlights
Apramycin is used exclusively for the treatment of Escherichia coli (E.coli) infections in swine around the world since the early 1980s
Many research papers have demonstrated that apramycin has significant in vitro activity against multidrug, carbapenem- and aminoglycoside-resistant E.coli isolated in hospitals
The other is NpmA, which was identified in a clinical E. coli strain and encodes a 16S rRNA m1A1408 methyltransferase [14]
Summary
Apramycin is used exclusively for the treatment of Escherichia coli (E.coli) infections in swine around the world since the early 1980s. Many research papers have demonstrated that apramycin has significant in vitro activity against multidrug-resistant E.coli isolated in hospitals. Many research papers have demonstrated that apramycin has significant in vitro activity against multidrug-, carbapenem- and aminoglycoside-resistant E.coli isolated in hospitals. The other is NpmA, which was identified in a clinical E. coli strain and encodes a 16S rRNA m1A1408 methyltransferase [14] Another APR resistance gene, apmA, was detected in bovine methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) of sequence type 398 in 2011 and encodes for a protein of 274 amino acids [15]. APR resistance has been detected in E.coli clinical isolates of hospitalized patients despite it has not been used in human medicine [16]. Considering the importance of GEN in human medicine, improper use of APR in animals contributing to increased resistance is of great concern
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