Wild Plants Used as Vegetables by Transhumant People Around the Georgia–Turkey Border in the Western Lesser Caucasus

Ceren Kazancı,Łukasz Łuczaj,Soner Oruç,Marine Mosulishvili,Marcin Nobis

doi:10.5586/asbp.906

Abstract

Abstract Recent ethnobotanical studies in the Caucasus, mainly in Georgia, reveal the significant ethnobotanical knowledge of local people related to wild edible plants. However, few studies have been conducted in the Lesser Caucasus, west Georgia, and Turkish Caucasus. This study aims to represent and evaluate the cultural importance of wild vegetable plants and their patterns of use along the Georgia–Turkey border. During the transhumance period in the summers of 2017 and 2018, 104 participants (65 in Turkey and 39 in Georgia) were interviewed using a semistructured questionnaire. The Cultural Importance Index and Relative Frequency of Citation were used to compare the relative importance of species in each region. The use of 83 wild plant species from 23 plant families as vegetables was documented, with 45 species recorded in Georgia and 72 species in Turkey. One-third of the recorded wild plant species and 52 use instances out of 122 species-use combinations were shared on both sides of the border. Women and men had mentioned almost the same number of species, and there was a nonsignificant correlation between the plant knowledge and age. Although there were no significant differences in the plant parts used, the way people used plants as vegetables varied significantly across the border. Considering the floral similarity across the border, the number of species used in common and shared vegetable plant knowledge was quite low. There is not a significant difference between the two countries in terms of the most frequently cited and culturally important species ( Rumex , Urtica , and Polygonum spp.). However, the recognition of some of the most important shared species ( Heracleum , Chaerophyllum , Arctium , and Campanula spp.) diverged significantly in different administrative regions.

Highlights

Human communities worldwide have collected and consumed many wild plants as food throughout history (Turner et al, 2011)
1,154 citations of 83 wild plant species used as vegetables were obtained in the study area, of which 45 species were recorded from Georgia and 72 species were recorded from Turkey (Table 1)
In the comparison of the 122 species-use combinations, participants in both countries shared similar knowledge of 52 use instances (43% of total species-use combinations) (Figure 4B). e most important shared species based on mean Cultural Importance Index (CI) values were Urtica spp. (1.29), Chaerophyllum spp. (0.92), Polygonum bistorta (0.91), Heracleum spp. (0.87), Rumex crispus (0.76), Rumex acetosa (0.62), Arctium spp. (0.55), Tragopogon spp. (0.37), Polygonum aviculare (0.33), Anthriscus spp. (0.28), Polygonum cognatum (0.27), Plantago major (0.21), Capsella bursa-pastoris (0.20), Rumex acetosella (0.20), and Campanula lactiflora (0.18)

Summary

Introduction

Human communities worldwide have collected and consumed many wild plants as food throughout history (Turner et al, 2011). Wild vegetable plants are an important part of Mediterranean food culture (Łuczaj & Pieroni, 2016). Recent ethnobotanical studies in the South Caucasus, especially in Georgia, have revealed people’s significant ethnobotanical knowledge related to wild edible plants (Bussmann, 2017; Bussmann, Paniagua Zambrana, Sikharulidze, Kikvidze, Darchidze, et al, 2020; Bussmann et al, 2016, 2017a, 2017b, 2018; Bussmann, Paniagua Zambrana, Sikharulidze, Kikvidze, Kikodze, et al, 2020; Hovsepyan et al, 2016; Łuczaj et al, 2017; Nanagulyan et al, 2020; Pieroni et al, 2020; Pieroni & Sõukand, 2019; Sõukand & Pieroni, 2019). There have been no cross-border ethnobotanical studies in this area earlier

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