Widespread upper-ocean deoxygenation in the Alpine-Mediterranean Tethys during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event

Abstract

The early Toarcian (~183 Ma) was characterized by pronounced climate warming associated with massive release of 13C-depleted carbon to the exogenic system, as evidenced by globally recognized negative carbon-isotope excursions (N-CIE) in biospheric carbon reservoirs. Global warming during this interval triggered a variety of environmental perturbations, of which large-scale marine deoxygenation (as indicated by the presence of widespread organic carbon-rich deposits) is arguably diagnostic and led to the naming of the interval in question as the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE). Nevertheless, the spatial variability of water-column redox during the T-OAE is unclear because most sedimentological and geochemical methods used to infer marine redox are likely reflective of bottom-water and/or pore-water conditions. Here we report new I/(Ca + Mg) and Cerium (Ce)-anomaly data from two carbonate successions from northern Italy that encompass the T-OAE interval. Both successions were deposited in the Alpine-Mediterranean Tethys; one in a shallow-water platform setting and the other within a pelagic environment. Both successions record an abrupt drop in I/(Ca + Mg) values, coupled with positive excursions in Ce-anomaly records at the onset of the T-OAE N-CIE. The synchronized changes in marine iodate depletion and Ce enrichment suggest widespread and significant upper-ocean deoxygenation in the Alpine-Mediterranean Tethys. This redox pattern is attributed to an expanded oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) formed as a result of sluggish oceanic circulation under climate warming, augmented by enhanced dissolved oxygen consumption due to increased nutrient availability and the consequent eutrophication in both proximal and distal settings. Because reduced seawater dissolved oxygen [O2] would increase the ecological stress and constrict any potentially hospitable habitats, the broad synchroneity between biotic turnovers and upper-ocean deoxygenation in the Alpine-Mediterranean Tethys is compatible with a potential causal link.