Abstract
Obesity-induced chronic inflammation is a key factor in type 2 diabetes. A vicious cycle involving pro-inflammatory mediators between adipocytes and macrophages is a common cause of chronic inflammation in the adipose tissue. Tomato is one of the most popular vegetables and is associated with a reduced risk of diabetes. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of tomato on diabetes is unclear. In this study, we focused on anti-inflammatory compounds in tomato. We found that the extract of tomato reduced plasma glucose and inflammatory markers in mice. We screened anti-inflammatory fractions in tomato using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, and active compounds were estimated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry over a wide range. Surprisingly, a large number of compounds including oxylipin and coumarin derivatives were estimated as anti-inflammatory compounds. Especially, 9-oxo-octadecadienoic acid and daphnetin suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 macrophages inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and inhibitor of kappa B α protein degradation. These findings suggest that tomato containing diverse anti-inflammatory compounds ameliorates chronic inflammation in obese adipose tissue.
Highlights
Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of numerous complications, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases[1,2]
9-oxo-ODA was detected in vivo and tended to increase in the white adipose tissue (WAT) under tomato extract treatment. These findings indicated that various anti-inflammatory compounds in tomato inhibited chronic inflammation between adipocytes and macrophages in obese adipose tissue, suggesting that tomato might be a valuable food to ameliorate glucose metabolism disorder under conditions of obesity
To determine tomato extract (Fig 2A) has anti-inflammatory effect, we investigated whether tomato extract inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages
Summary
Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of numerous complications, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases[1,2]. Lifestyle-related diseases result from abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism, which are primarily caused by obesity[2]. Obesity is an excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that has become a worldwide concern. Several studies have reported that obesity has been closely associated with low-grade chronic inflammation in the adipose tissue[3,4,5,6].
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