Abstract
Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is a significant cause of vision loss occurring about three times less frequently than branch retinal vein occlusion. Systemic risk factors for CRVO include age older than 55 years as well as cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. Glaucoma is associated with CRVO because of increased vulnerability of the central retinal vein at the lamina cribosa. Clinically, CRVOs are classified as nonischemic versus ischemic based on visual acuity, afferent pupillary defect status, and fluorescein angiography. The prognoses for ischemic versus nonischemic CRVO are different, and there are various degrees of ischemia in CRVO. This chapter illustrates the heterogeneous patterns of retinal nonperfusion in CRVO using wide-field fluorescein angiography. Visually significant sequelae of CRVO include macular edema, macular ischemia, neovascularization, vitreous hemorrhage, and neovascular glaucoma. Treatment options include intravitreal injection of anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF), corticosteroids, laser photocoagulation, and vitreoretinal surgery.
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