Abstract
Inappropriate bone growth in soft tissue can occur after trauma to a limb and can cause a disruption to the healing process. This is known as Heterotopic Ossification (HO) in which regions in the tissue start to mineralize and form microscopic bone-like structures. These structures continue to calcify and develop into large, non-functional bony masses that cause pain, limit limb movement, and expose the tissue to reoccurring infections; in the case of open wounds this can lead to amputation as a result of a failed wound. Both Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and X-ray imaging have poor sensitivity and specificity for the detection of HO, thus delaying therapy and leading to poor patient outcomes. We present a low-power, fast (1 frame per second) optical Raman imaging system with a large field of view (1 cm(2)) that can differentiate bone tissue from soft tissue without spectroscopy, this in contrast to conventional Raman microscopy systems. This capability may allow for the development of instrumentation which permits bedside diagnosis of HO.
Highlights
Biocompatible Raman imaging of tissue, imaging of tissue in vivo, has not yet translated to the clinical setting for several reasons
Inappropriate bone growth in soft tissue can occur after trauma to a limb and can cause a disruption to the healing process
This is known as Heterotopic Ossification (HO) in which regions in the tissue start to mineralize and form microscopic bone-like structures
Summary
Biocompatible Raman imaging of tissue, imaging of tissue in vivo, has not yet translated to the clinical setting for several reasons. Stokes Raman signals are several orders of magnitude weaker than fluorescence signals and several methods have been developed to amplify Raman signals, amongst them are stimulated themes such as Coherent Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) and Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) [20] Clinical acceptance of these methods has not been proven due to the need for establishing a coherent illumination condition and the requirement of expensive and bulky laser systems. These patient sampling and biocompatibility issues indicate that traditional Raman techniques, though of extreme utility for in vitro or ex vivo settings, are currently not practical for in vivo or translational research applications
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