Abstract
The assimilation of Distributed Generation (DG) into the electric power system (EPS) has become more attractive as the world is following a trend to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by introducing more renewable energy forms resulting in high penetration scenarios. This high penetration of DGs brings several challenges to the protection philosophy of the EPS which compromises its reliability, availability, and efficiency. Under high DG penetration scenarios, conventional islanding detection methods (Idms) fail to detect an island as the grid loses its inertia to leverage a significant frequency and voltage mismatch necessary for Idms to effectively detect an islanding event. This has given rise to the birth of Artificial Intelligent (AI) methods that are found to perform better in islanding detection. AI Idms are computationally intensive and require a lot of data to operate accurately. Because the computational burden of these methods requires fast computing hardware, the current trend of AI Idms are integrated with Wide Area Monitoring, Protection, and Control (WAMPAC) system. This paper aims at reviewing all these Idms and the WAMPAC’s system latency when hosting AI Idms which are currently the best in islanding detection. This is done to determine if the WAMPAC system latency plus Idms computational time meet the islanding detection time specified by the IEEE Standard 1547 framework.
Highlights
There is a need for technological advancements for successful integration of Distributed Generation (DG) with the electric power system (EPS) to ensure stability, quality of service (QoS), and reliability to the everrising power demands without widespread blackouts and outages that may be due to a combination of interrelated events occurring on the EPS side or DG side.[3,7]
Introducing DGs at the load side is encouraged since it relieves the EPS system as it can handle some if not all its power demands, for example, if it’s a photovoltaic system, this may depend on the time of day and the available irradiance.[32]
While this is a great benefit, it reduces the line loses in the transmission line and improves the voltage profile of the system if the DG produces more power that exceeds the local load demands, power starts flowing toward the substations, the overall performance may get compromised as voltage limits may be broken adding stress on the equipment, so there is a tradeoff in levels of DG penetration that must be taken into consideration when designing the network and DG sizing
Summary
Technological advancements have led to an explosion in the production of consumer. Introducing DGs at the load side is encouraged since it relieves the EPS system as it can handle some if not all its power demands, for example, if it’s a photovoltaic system, this may depend on the time of day and the available irradiance.[32] While this is a great benefit, it reduces the line loses in the transmission line and improves the voltage profile of the system if the DG produces more power that exceeds the local load demands, power starts flowing toward the substations, the overall performance may get compromised as voltage limits may be broken adding stress on the equipment, so there is a tradeoff in levels of DG penetration that must be taken into consideration when designing the network and DG sizing This Reverse power flow contradicts the radial design of the EPS unidirectional protection due to the change in voltage gradient in the line.[33]. This is true if a parallel RLC load is assumed as a local load active power and reactive power experienced at PCC is represented as follows
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