Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) was and still considered as the most common agent in the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria, it also possesses many different pharmacological and biological activities that make it able to be used as a therapy or adjuvant therapy for many types of diseases. CQ exhibits anticancer activity alone or as adjuvants with other agents against many kinds of tumors. Its activities also were approved as an anti-inflammatory agent in rheumatoid and other autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus and rheumatic arthritis. Its’ important role in the improvement of many metabolic disorders like hypertension, hyperglycemia, and lipid profile disturbances was also established. CQ can act against different microbial infections such as many types of viruses, bacteria and fungus by different mechanisms of action. Furthermore, its dermatological role in the treatment of many skin diseases was demonstrated. Recently, CQ showed a very responsive role in curing and prevention of the covoid-19 virus. This review summarizes intensively the multiple therapeutic applications of CQ and discusses the possible mechanisms of action for these applications.
Highlights
Chloroquine (CQ) is 4-aminoquinoline that has been used for more than 70 years as an antimalarial agent
For a long time it was used in the clinic to treat autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by inhibition of the immune system and by its anti-inflammatory properties [5] [6]
Chloroquine antimalarial agents saved the lives of many people in the whole world
Summary
Chloroquine (CQ) is 4-aminoquinoline that has been used for more than 70 years as an antimalarial agent. CQ is often used alone or together with other compounds to treat many biological disorders other than malaria, such as cancer, inflammatory conditions, hypertensive crises in some cases, high level of blood sugar, dyslipidemia, and different microbial diseases [3] [4]. For a long time it was used in the clinic to treat autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by inhibition of the immune system and by its anti-inflammatory properties [5] [6]. HCQ is still widely available to treat autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematous. There are many reviews about Chloroquine and its therapeutic effects on different diseases and disorders, the majority of them focus on a limited therapeutic strategy with its mechanisms of action by which can improve or treat specific disorders such as; anticancer or antimicrobial etc. It extended to show the most observed side effects of CQ
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