Abstract
Abstract The active materials constitute the heart of any battery so that unambiguous determination of their intrinsic properties is of essential importance to achieve progress in battery research. A variety of in situ techniques with high lateral resolution has been developed or adapted for battery research. Surprisingly, nanoelectrochemistry is not attracting sufficient attention from the battery community despite the existing examples of relevant in situ and highly resolved spatiotemporal information. Herein, the important role of nanoelectrochemistry in battery research is highlighted to help encourage its use in this field. In the first part, two examples in which the use of nanoelectrochemistry is a must are provided, that is, determination of intrinsic kinetics of active materials and understanding of relationships between particle structure and electrochemical activity. In the second part, pros and cons of three mature nanoelectrochemistry techniques in battery research, that is, particle-on-a-stick measurements, nanoimpact measurements, and scanning electrochemical probe microscopy, are discussed providing representative examples.
Highlights
Batteries have revolutionized our society, enabling commercial success of various smart devices used in dayto-day life, for example, portable electronics
The battery research community has shown high interest in several advanced techniques, for example, in situ transmission electron microscopy as illustrated by the large number of citations attracted by pioneering works [7e9]
Improvements in battery performances require reliable acquisition of intrinsic properties of active materials for a variety of purposes ranging from modelling, electrode design, material selection, battery management, and so on
Summary
Batteries have revolutionized our society, enabling commercial success of various smart devices used in dayto-day life, for example, portable electronics (mobile phones, tablets, and so on). The battery research community has devoted much effort in developing and adapting advanced characterization techniques, which help putting together all pieces of the scientific puzzle. Without proper understanding of the individual elements of the complex system, progress in battery research at the cell level cannot be achieved. The battery research community has shown high interest in several advanced techniques, for example, in situ transmission electron microscopy as illustrated by the large number of citations attracted by pioneering works [7e9]. Efforts in nanoelectrochemistry and microelectrochemistry did not appear to have gained the expected attention by the battery research community, despite the fact that these techniques were shown to provide in situ information with spatiotemporal resolution in this field years ago [10e12]. The message of why nanoelectrochemistry is necessary in battery research may not have been convincingly transmitted. How nanoelectrochemical measurements are conducted and the differences among the various techniques may not have been sufficiently clear for nonspecialized scientists
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