Abstract
Nanodiamonds represent an attractive potential carrier for anticancer drugs. The main advantages of nanodiamond particles with respect to medical applications are their high compatibility with non-cancerous cells, feasible surface decoration with therapeutic and cancer-cell targeting molecules, and their relatively low manufacturing cost. Additionally, nanodiamond carriers significantly increase treatment efficacy of the loaded drug, so anticancer drugs execute more effectively at a lower dose. Subsequently, lower drug dose results in less extensive side effects. The carriers decorated with a targeting molecule accumulate primarily in the tumor tissue, and those nanodiamond particles impair efflux of the drug from cancer cells. Therapeutic approaches considering nanodiamond carriers were already tested in vitro, as well as in vivo. Now, researchers focus particularly on the possible side effects of nanodiamond carriers applied systemically in vivo. The behavior of nanodiamond carriers depends heavily on their surface coatings, so each therapeutic complex must be evaluated separately. Generally, it seems that site-specific application of nanodiamond carriers is a rather safe therapeutic approach, but intravenous application needs further study. The benefits of nanodiamond carriers are remarkable and represent a potent approach to overcome the drug resistance of many cancers.
Highlights
Cancer resistance represents a major cause in cancer treatment failure
Cancer cells adapt different strategies to avoid the toxicity of anticancer drugs including fast drug efflux
We focus on carbon nanoparticles, nanodiamonds, and their capacity to improve drug efficacy with respect to treatment-resistant cancer cells
Summary
Cancer resistance represents a major cause in cancer treatment failure. During cancer development, cancer cells adapt different strategies to avoid the toxicity of anticancer drugs including fast drug efflux. There are only a few studies concerning non-tumoral cells, for example, those residing in the peripheral blood Those cells are likely to interact to some degree with the applied nanodiamond-drug complexes. Nanodiamond particles employed as drug carriers possess several properties that help to overcome resistance of cancer cells to conventional therapy. Increased half-time of nanodiamond-drug circulation maximizes accumulation of the therapeutic complexes within the tumor via an enhanced permeability retention effect, resulting in constant tumor exposure to the drug[40,66]. Lowering of unfavorable side-toxicity by linking certain drugs to a nanodiamond carrier was discussed above in the case of anthracycline It could be a useful therapeutic approach in fast growing tumors even though it does not solve the existence of quiescent cancer stem cells. ND-GF-PEG, ND-ELPEG/94 nm, 112 nm FND-oligo -PTX-antiEGFR ND-PEG-DOX/76 nm, -10 mV (DLS) FND-MLS-PeFA-DOX /279 nm ND-MTX
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