Abstract
Kidney disease is one of the most serious and costly complications of diabetes. However, the kidney does not fail in all people with diabetes. Sometimes this is because other competing causes, such as cardiovascular disease, lead to death before end-stage renal failure intervenes, but in many cases, in spite of long-standing diabetes, the function of the kidney is preserved. The incidence of diabetic nephropathy increases up to 17 years from the initial diagnosis of diabetes and then sharply declines. Hyperglycemia, though critically necessary for kidney disease development, is insufficient to totally account for it.
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