Abstract
We examined alternative hypotheses for the benefits of footdrumming in the presence of snakes by the banner-tailed kangaroo rat, Dipodomys spectabilis, by testing whether the target of the signal includes conspecifics, the predator or both. Footdrumming recorded in the field revealed that rats altered their footdrumming signatures when drumming at snakes. In playback tests, however, neighbors failed to show any measurable change in behavior to broadcasts of die snake drumming pattern, but mothers •
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