Why did the Japanese Government take so long to approve the intrauterine contraceptive device?

Aya Homei

doi:10.1016/j.rbms.2018.09.002

Abstract

While the majority of East Asian countries embraced the modern intrauterine device (IUD) during the 1960s, the sale and distribution of the IUD in Japan was not authorized until 1974. In this paper, I address why the Japanese Government took so long to permit the use of the IUD. Firstly, I examine scientific debates in Japan during the early 1950s on the efficacy of the IUD and associated health risks, to illustrate how the Government's conservative attitude was fostered by a co-constitutive relationship between health officials and leading obstetrician-gynaecologists who believed that the IUD was dangerous and likely to induce abortion. I also trace the Japanese Government's rapidly changing attitude through the 1960s, and analyse the influential interaction between national policy making and the enthusiastic response of a small number of Japanese doctors to the transnational movement to curb population growth in developing countries. I argue that the specific ways in which biomedical discourse was shaped by the sociopolitical position of doctors in relation to the Government's health administration explains the Japanese Government's resistance to use of the IUD. However, I also note that the Government's dramatic change in attitude was influenced directly by transnational reproductive politics. This paper will enhance the history of reproductive politics in post-war Japan, which has tended to focus on the politics surrounding abortion and the contraceptive pill.

Highlights

Despite this device being available in Japan from the early 1930s, it would be over 40 years before the Japanese Government officially recognized this contraceptive method as a legitimate form of birth control
Since its inception in the 1960s, the modern form of the intrauterine device (IUD) has been one of the most commonly used contraceptives in the world (d’Arcangues, 2007; United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, 2011), in East Asia where the method has been consistently popular (d'Arcangues, 2007: S2–S3; Donaldson, 1990: 141; Lethbridge and Wang, 1991)
As mentioned above, in contrast to earlier work that primarily studied doctors as political interest groups, this paper focuses on the nexus between the scientific profile of medical doctors, their social status and the Japanese Government's stance on birth control, by drawing on work that highlights the coconstitutive relationship between science and sociopolitical order (e.g. Jasanoff, 2006)

Summary

Introduction

Despite this device being available in Japan from the early 1930s, it would be over 40 years before the Japanese Government officially recognized this contraceptive method as a legitimate form of birth control. I argue that the Japanese Government's conservative attitude to the contraceptive owed much to the advantageous position of anti-ring doctors, and the opportunity this afforded them to influence the trajectory of birth control policy.

Results

Conclusion