Abstract
According to recently published reviews on the efficacy of cancer vaccines, including 20 uncontrolled therapeutic peptide-based vaccine trials in melanoma patients [1] and ten trials in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with advanced disease [2], only eight of the 327 melanoma patients showed a complete, probably vaccine-induced, response and only one of 118 patients with advanced CRC displayed a partial response. It is thus generally realized that the clinical efficacy of therapeutic cancer vaccines is poor. An overall objective response rate of 3.3% was observed in 1306 vaccine treatments (including some of those trials mentioned above) of cancer patients with advanced disease [3]. However, a few trials have reported objective response rates as high as 24% [4,5]. In these uncontrolled studies, patients were vaccinated with pools of known tumor-associated HLA class I-binding peptides for which the individual patient showed T-cell reactivity, and in one of the trials vaccination was c ombined with low-dose alkylating chemotherapy [5].
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