Abstract
No problem is more central to understanding the nature of existence, or knowledge, or values, or logic, than the problem of the nature and relations of and its parts, and of wholeness and partiality. On the one hand, it is clear immediately that what we mean by a is that it is a part of and that what we mean by a whole is that it is a of Given these meanings, there are no parts which are not parts of and no wholes which are not wholes of parts. Wholes and parts involve each other; each depends upon the other for being what it is, even though each is not the other. A part of is not that whole, and of parts is not one of its parts. However, difficulties in conceiving just how and its parts are related to each other have given rise to theories which seem to deny, or at least modify, what is initially obvious. Some of these difficulties arise because there are different kinds of wholes and whole-part relations.
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