Abstract
Giant groupers, the largest grouper type in the world, are of economic importance in marine aquaculture for their rapid growth. At the same time, bacterial and viral diseases have become the main threats to the grouper industry. Here, we report a high-quality genome of a giant grouper sequenced by an Illumina HiSeq X-Ten and PacBio Bioscience Sequel platform. A total of 254 putative antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes were identified, which can be divided into 34 classes according to the annotation of the Antimicrobial Peptides Database (APD3). Their locations in pseudochromosomes were also determined. Thrombin-, lectin-, and scolopendin-derived putative AMPs were the three largest parts. In addition, expressions of putative AMPs were measured by our transcriptome data. Two putative AMP genes (gapdh1 and gapdh2) were involved in glycolysis, which had extremely high expression levels in giant grouper muscle. As it has been reported that AMPs inhibit the growth of a broad spectrum of microbes and participate in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses, genome sequencing of this study provides a comprehensive cataloging of putative AMPs of groupers, supporting antimicrobial research and aquaculture therapy. These genomic resources will be beneficial to further molecular breeding of this economically important fish.
Highlights
Groupers are coral reef fishes in the subfamily Epinephelinae of the family Serranidae, which are known for their delicious taste, tender flesh, and rich nutrition [1].As economically important fish species in marine aquaculture, groupers reached a worldwide production of 155,000 tons in 2015, with a total value of USD 630 million [2]
The molecular mechanisms underlying the superior growth of Hulong groupers have been explored based on RNA-seq, and the results showed that the upregulated expression of the upstream growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis related genes in the brain and liver, along with upregulated glycolytic genes as well as ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and troponins involved in the calcium signaling pathway in muscle, led to enhanced growth in the Hulong grouper [6,7]
We identified EC-hepcidin1, a hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (AMP) derived from the liver and stomach of orange-spotted grouper [13], from the giant grouper gene set
Summary
Groupers are coral reef fishes in the subfamily Epinephelinae of the family Serranidae (orderPerciformes), which are known for their delicious taste, tender flesh, and rich nutrition [1].As economically important fish species in marine aquaculture, groupers reached a worldwide production of 155,000 tons in 2015, with a total value of USD 630 million [2]. Groupers are coral reef fishes in the subfamily Epinephelinae of the family Serranidae Perciformes), which are known for their delicious taste, tender flesh, and rich nutrition [1]. As economically important fish species in marine aquaculture, groupers reached a worldwide production of 155,000 tons in 2015, with a total value of USD 630 million [2]. Mainland China is responsible for an estimated 65% of the total production [2]. Mar. Drugs 2019, 17, 503; doi:10.3390/md17090503 www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs.
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