Abstract
The Salmonella Enterica subsp. Enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of main serovars isolated from human patients with food poisoning and poultry without clinical signs. Consumption of poultry products contaminated with Salmonella Enteritidis is a common source of human salmonellosis; 82 Salmonella spp. were isolated from 291 samples of retail chicken meat, 201 one-day-old chicks, 30 internal organs of chickens, 156 chicken eggs, 100 duck eggs, 38 straw bedding samples, 18 samples of retail duck meat, and 19 swab samples from slaughterhouses in 2019 and 2020. An antibiotic susceptibility test was performed for all isolates, revealing 33 multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. The whole genome of 33 MDR strains isolated in 2019 and 2020 and 10 strains isolated in 2011, 2012, and 2017 was sequenced using the MinION sequencing protocol. Within these 43 samples, 5 serovars were identified: S. Enteritidis, S. Agona, S. Virchow, S. Albany, and S. Bareilly. The most common serovar was S. Enteritidis (26/43), which showed the highest resistance to ampicillin (100%), followed by nalidixic acid (90%) and colistin (83%). Core genome multilocus sequence typing analysis showed that the S. Enteritidis strains isolated from different sources and in different years were clustered together. In addition, the S. Enteritidis strains isolated since 2011 consistently harbored the same antibiotic resistance patterns.
Highlights
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that uses Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to determine the genetic relationship among Salmonella Enteritidis strains isolated from humans and poultry sources in Korea
Previous findings obtained by pulsedfield gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeats (MLVA) analysis of Salmonella
Enteritidis strains isolated from humans and poultry sources suggest that Salmonella Enteritidis strains have already been transmitted from poultry sources to humans in Korea [14,15]
Summary
Enterica causes foodborne salmonellosis and has become a global health threat [1]. Salmonella Enteritidis is frequently isolated from human patients with salmonellosis caused by the consumption of contaminated chicken meat and chicken products, such as eggs [1]. Abdominal cramps, and diarrhea are common clinical symptoms of Salmonella Enteritidis infection in humans, which appear 12 to 72 h after consuming the contaminated food [2]. The symptoms last 4 to 7 days and resolve on their own without the need for antibiotics. In the elderly, infants, and people with weakened immune systems, the diarrhea symptoms can be severe, and septicemia, and even death, can occur [3]. No clinical symptoms are observed in birds infected with Salmonella Enteritidis [4]
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