Abstract
BackgroundHuman papillomavirus genotypes 52 and 58 (HPV52/58) are frequently detected in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and invasive cervical cancer (ICC) in East Asian countries including Japan. As with other HPV genotypes, HPV52/58 consist of multiple lineages of genetic variants harboring less than 10% differences between complete genome sequences of the same HPV genotype. However, site variations of nucleotide and amino acid sequences across the viral whole-genome have not been fully examined for HPV52/58. The aim of this study was to investigate genetic variations of HPV52/58 prevalent among Japanese women by analyzing the viral whole-genome sequences.MethodsThe entire genomic region of HPV52/58 was amplified by long-range PCR with total cellular DNA extracted from cervical exfoliated cells isolated from Japanese patients with CIN or ICC. The amplified DNA was subjected to next generation sequencing to determine the complete viral genome sequences. Phylogenetic analyses were performed with the whole-genome sequences to assign variant lineages/sublineages to the HPV52/58 isolates. The variability in amino acid sequences of viral proteins was assessed by calculating the Shannon entropy scores at individual amino acid positions of HPV proteins.ResultsAmong 52 isolates of HPV52 (CIN1, n = 20; CIN2/3, n = 21; ICC, n = 11), 50 isolates belonged to lineage B (sublineage B2) and two isolates belonged to lineage A (sublineage A1). Among 48 isolates of HPV58 (CIN1, n = 21; CIN2/3, n = 19; ICC, n = 8), 47 isolates belonged to lineage A (sublineages A1/A2/A3) and one isolate belonged to lineage C. Single nucleotide polymorphisms specific for individual variant lineages were determined throughout the viral genome based on multiple sequence alignments of the Japanese HPV52/58 isolates and reference HPV52/58 genomes. Entropy analyses revealed that the E1 protein was relatively variable among the HPV52 isolates, whereas the E7, E4, and L2 proteins showed some variations among the HPV58 isolates.ConclusionsAmong the HPV52/58-positive specimens from Japanese women with CIN/ICC, the variant distributions were strongly biased toward lineage B for HPV52 and lineage A for HPV58 across histological categories. Different patterns of amino acid variations were observed in HPV52 and HPV58 across the viral whole-genome.
Highlights
Human papillomavirus genotypes 52 and 58 (HPV52/58) are frequently detected in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and invasive cervical cancer (ICC) in East Asian countries including Japan
Study subjects The study subjects consisted of 52 HPV52-positive cases (CIN1, n = 20; CIN grade 2 or 3 (CIN2/3), n = 21; ICC, n = 11), and 47 HPV58-positive cases
Phylogenetic analysis of HPV52/58 whole-genomes By performing long-range PCR covering viral wholegenomes followed by generation sequencing analyses, a total of 100 complete genome sequences of 52 isolates of HPV52 and 48 isolates of HPV58 were obtained from the CIN/ICC cases in Japan (Table 1)
Summary
Human papillomavirus genotypes 52 and 58 (HPV52/58) are frequently detected in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and invasive cervical cancer (ICC) in East Asian countries including Japan. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) constitute a large family of small DNA viruses, having a circular double-stranded DNA genome of approximately 8000 base pairs [1]. High-risk HPVs preferentially infect basal epithelial cells and induce hyper-proliferative lesions that are clinically manifested as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN1) in the cervix. The majority of such infections are cleared by the host immune system within a few years, and only a small proportion persist and progress further to CIN grade 2 or 3 (CIN2/3). These high-grade lesions eventually develop into invasive cervical cancer (ICC) by accumulating host genetic alternations after years of persistent infection [5]
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