Whole-Genome Amplification by Degenerate Oligonucleotide Primed PCR (DOP-PCR)

Abstract

INTRODUCTIONPCR-based whole-genome amplification (WGA) has the goal of generating microgram quantities of genome-representative DNA from picogram or nanogram amounts of starting material. This amplification should introduce little, or ideally no, representational bias. Unlike other techniques for WGA, PCR-based methods are generally less affected by DNA quality and are more applicable to DNA extracted from various sources (fixed and fresh tissues). The degenerate-oligonucleotide-primed PCR (DOP-PCR) method described here allows complete genome coverage in a single reaction. In contrast to the pairs of target-specific primer sequences used in traditional PCR, only a single primer, which has defined sequences at its 5'-end (containing an XhoI restriction site) and 3'-end and a random hexamer sequence between them, is used here. DOP-PCR comprises two different cycling stages. In stage 1 (low stringency), low-temperature annealing and extension in the first five to eight cycles occurs at many binding sites in the genome. The 3'-end of the primer binds at sites in the genome complementary to the 6-bp well-defined sequence at the 3'-end of the primer (~10(6) sites in the human genome). The adjacent random hexamer sequence (displaying all possible combinations of the nucleotides A, G, C, and T) can then anneal and tags these sequences with the DOP primer. In stage 2 (high stringency; >25 cycles), the PCR annealing temperature is raised, which increases priming specificity during amplification of the tagged sequence. DOP-PCR generates a smear of DNA fragments (200-1000 bp) that are visible on an agarose gel.