Abstract
Knowledge about biological factors involved in exercise-induced angiogenesis is to date still scanty. The present study aimed to investigate the angiogenic stimulus of resistance exercise with and without superimposed whole-body vibrations. Responses to the exercise regimen before and after a 6-week training intervention were investigated in twenty-six healthy male subjects. Serum was collected at the initial and final exercise sessions and circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) -2 and -9, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and endostatin were determined via ELISA. Furthermore, we studied the proliferative effect of serum-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro via BrdU-incorporation assay. It was found that circulating MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF and endostatin levels were significantly elevated (P<0.001) from resting levels after both exercise interventions, with higher post-exercise VEGF concentrations in the resistance exercise (RE) group compared to the resistive vibration exercise (RVE) group. Moreover, RE provoked increased endothelial cell proliferation in vitro and higher post-exercise circulating endostatin concentrations after 6 weeks of training. These effects were elusive in the RVE group. The present findings suggest that resistance exercise leads to a transient rise in circulating angiogenic factors and superimposing vibrations to this exercise type might not further trigger a potential signaling of angiogenic stimulation in skeletal muscle.
Highlights
There is growing evidence that physical activity is a potent stimulator of angiogenesis in skeletal and cardiac muscle [1]
Resting levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 measured at the final exercise session differed between groups with the resistive vibration exercise (RVE) group depicting higher values than the resistance exercise (RE) group (RVE: 193.068.71 ng/mL vs. RE: 172.068.5 ng/mL, P,0.001), which had not been the case at the initial exercise session (P = 0.37)
Effect of Resistance Exercise upon angiogenic factors MMP-2, MMP-9, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and endostatin were all significantly increased from resting levels after both resistance exercise and resistive vibration exercise and all factors depicted maximum concentrations two minutes after exercise
Summary
There is growing evidence that physical activity is a potent stimulator of angiogenesis in skeletal and cardiac muscle [1]. The proteases MT1-MMP, MMP-2 and -9 seem to play a crucial role in the formation of new capillaries in skeletal muscle [6] and previous studies reveal that their serum concentrations are significantly elevated after endurance exercise [7]. The role of endostatin in the angiogenic process is not clear due to its complex signaling functions. As both pro-angiogenic [9] and anti-angiogenic [10] characteristics have been described for endostatin, it has been considered to function as an angiogenic modulator [11]. Endostatin seems to play a crucial role in exercise-induced angiogenesis, as serum concentrations were acutely elevated after endurance exercise [12,13]. Other studies have reported decreased serum concentrations of endostatin as an adaptation to long-term endurance training [7]
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