Whole body magnetic resonance imaging in healthy children and adolescents: Bone marrow appearances of the appendicular skeleton

Abstract

ObjectiveTo describe the appearances of bone marrow in the appendicular skeleton on fat-suppressed T2-weighted sequences as assessed by whole-body MRI in healthy and asymptomatic children and adolescents. Material and methodsFollowing ethical approval, we assessed the bone marrow of the extremities on water-only Dixon T2-weighted images as part of a whole-body MRI in 196 healthy and asymptomatic children aged 5–19 years. Based on a newly devised and validated scoring system, we graded intensity (0–2 scale) and extension (1–4 scale) of focal high signal bone marrow areas, and divided them into minor or major findings, based on intensity and extension, reflecting their potential conspicuousness in a clinical setting. ResultsIn the upper extremity, we registered 366 areas with increased signal whereof 79 were major findings. In the lower extremities there were 675 areas of increased signal of which 340 were major findings. Hundred-and-fifteen (58.79%) individuals had at least one major finding, mainly located in the hand and proximal humerus, and the feet and knees. We found no differences according to gender, reported hours of sports activity, handedness, or age group, except for more minor findings in the upper extremities amongst 15–18-year-olds as compared to those aged 5–8 years. ConclusionFocal areas of high signal intensity on whole-body MRI, T2-weighted fat suppressed images that, in a clinical setting could cause concern, were seen in more than half of healthy, asymptomatic children and adolescents. Awareness of this is important when interpreting whole-body MRI in this age group, particularly in the assessment of clinically silent lesions.