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Abstract
Simple SummaryThe aim of this study was to analyze the whole blood transcriptome of lactating goats fed a dietary supplementation with 10% olive leaves, one of the main by-products deriving from the olive oil chain supply. This evaluation was effective in identifying the differential regulation of the gene coding for apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic subunit 2 (APOBEC2), which showed downregulated in goats that received the dietary supplementation. Taking into account the strong association between plasma apoB and low-density lipoprotein, an evaluation was performed of both blood and milk cholesterol. The obtained data demonstrated a significant lower concentration of circulating cholesterol and cholesterol released into the milk through the mammary gland, demonstrating positive effects of olive leaves feeding on animal welfare and potential health benefits for consumers.Agro-industrial by-products represent an important source of compounds credited with high biotechnological potential. In the last decade, considerable interest has developed toward the use of these matrices as dietary supplements in the zootechnical field, paying particular attention to the qualitative aspects associated with animal products. However, less is known about the effect of these matrices on gene expression and thus on animal metabolism. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the whole blood transcriptome of lactating goats fed a dietary supplementation with 10% olive leaves (OL), one of the main by-products deriving from the olive oil chain supply. By applying a false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05 and a Log2 Fold change (Log2Fc) lower than −0.5 or higher than +0.5, it was possible to identify the differential regulation of gene coding for the apolipoprotein B (apoB) mRNA editing enzyme catalytic subunit 2 (APOBEC2), which showed downregulation in goats that received the dietary supplementation. An evaluation of both blood and milk cholesterol was performed, taking into account the strong association between plasma apoB and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Results showed significantly lower concentrations of circulating cholesterol and cholesterol released into the milk through the mammary gland, demonstrating positive effects of OL feeding on animal welfare and potential health benefits for consumers.
Highlights
This problem is obviously strongly felt in Mediterranean countries, where we observe a marked production of olive oil and non-negligible amounts of related by-products are accumulated, represented by olive pomace and wastewaters, and leaves and other plant pruning residues [1,2]
There is, a lack of information regarding the effect of this feeding strategy on animal metabolism, an aspect that can contribute to obtain clarifications about variations observed in the nutritional qualities of obtained dairy products, as well as on the animals’ health
The main finding of this study concerns the fact that dietary olive leaves (OL) supplementation was shown to be effective in modifying the gene expression of lactating Saanen goats
Summary
As for other agro-industrial sectors, the strategy of valorizing these by-products is well established, trying to identify alternative uses justified by the high richness of these plant matrices in bioactive compounds [3,4]. From this point of view, much has been done in the zootechnical field, through the development of feeding strategies based on the use of these by-products, both for ruminants and monogastrics [5,6,7]. For olive oil by-products, over time, considerable information has been collected on the effects induced on both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of animal products. Most studies in both meat and dairy products have shown an increase in concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids and greater oxidative stability, with significant implications in the improvement of the health functionality and products’ shelf-life [8,9,10]
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