Abstract
Despite WHO standards, waterborne diseases among the human being are rising alarmingly. It is known that the prolong exposure to contaminated water has major impact on public health. The effect of chemical contaminations in drinking water on human being is found to be chronic rather than acute and hence can be defined “consumption of contaminated drinking water could be a silent killer”. As the WHO recommended water quality standards are only for individual element and synergic effects of trace metals and anions have not been considered, investigation of synergic effects of trace metals and anions and their effect on human being is of prime important research. By an animal trial, we investigated the synergic effect(s) of heavy metals, aluminium, arsenic, fluoride and hardness in drinking water on kidney tissues of mice. Our investigation strongly suggests existing of a synergic effect especially among Cd, F and hardness of water which could lead to severe kidney damage in mice, even at WHO maximum recommended levels. Hence, the synergic effect(s) of trace metals, fluoride and hardness present in drinking water should be investigated meticulously when stipulating the water quality at WHO maximum recommended levels.
Highlights
Contamination of freshwater resources by naturally occurring phenomena or chemical wastes due to rapid industrial growth and urbanization is one of the major ecological concerns of the contemporary world
We demonstrated how the trace metals together with fluoride and hardness present in drinking water at WHO maximum recommended levels may cause kidney damage by their synergic effect(s)
When the mice were treated with the hard drinking water containing F and Cd with the WHO maximum standard, appearance of common lesions associated with CKD such as interstitial fibrosis, mononuclear cell interstitial infiltration and tubular atrophy were noted
Summary
Synergic effect(s) of fluoride, heavy metals and hardness in drinking received: 16 September 2016 accepted: 10 January 2017. The synergic effect(s) of trace metals, fluoride and hardness present in drinking water should be investigated meticulously when stipulating the water quality at WHO maximum recommended levels. Encourages us to investigate how the common trace metals and anions present in drinking water and their synergic effect(s) interfere on kidney tissues via animal model. In this investigation, we demonstrated how the trace metals together with fluoride and hardness present in drinking water at WHO maximum recommended levels may cause kidney damage by their synergic effect(s)
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