Who has access to counseling and testing and anti-retroviral therapy in Malawi – an equity analysis

Ireen Makwiza,Lot Nyirenda,Talumba Banda,Grace Bongololo,Rhehab Chimzizi,Sally Theobald

doi:10.1186/1475-9276-8-13

Abstract

BackgroundThe HIV and AIDS epidemic in Malawi poses multiple challenges from an equity perspective. It is estimated that 12% of Malawians are living with HIV or AIDS among the 15-49 age group. This paper synthesises available information to bring an equity lens on Counselling and Testing (CT) and Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) policy, practice and provision in Malawi.MethodsA synthesis of a wide range of published and unpublished reports and studies using a variety of methodological approaches was undertaken. The analysis and recommendations were developed, through consultation with key stakeholders in Malawi.FindingsAt the policy level Malawi is unique in having an equity in access to ART policy, and equity considerations are also included in key CT documents. The number of people accessing CT has increased considerably from 149,540 in 2002 to 482,364 in 2005. There is urban bias in provision of CT and more women than men access CT. ART has been provided free since June 2004 and scale up of ART provision is gathering pace. By end December 2006, there were 85,168 patients who had ever started on ART in both the public and private health sector, 39% of the patients were male while 61% were female. The majority of patients were adults, and 7% were children, aged 14 years or below. Despite free ART services, patients, especially poor rural patients face significant barriers in access and adherence to services. There are missed opportunities in strengthening integration between CT and ART and TB, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) and maternal health services.ConclusionTo promote equitable access for CT and ART in Malawi there is need to further invest in human resources for health, and seize opportunities to integrate CT and ART services with tuberculosis, sexually transmitted infections and maternal health services. This should not only promote access to services but also ensure that resources available for CT and ART strengthen rather than undermine the provision of the essential health package in Malawi. Ongoing equity analysis of services is important in analyzing which groups are unrepresented in services and developing initiatives to address these. Creative models of decentralization, whilst maintaining quality of services are needed to further enhance access of poor rural women, men, girls and boys.

Highlights

The HIV and AIDS epidemic in Malawi poses multiple challenges from an equity perspective
This is followed by an overview of the national picture on access to Counselling and Testing (CT) and Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) and a synthesis of what is known about access by gender, age, geography and socioeconomic status
Key stakeholders in Malawi realised the need for equity in access to treatment and have been active in promoting equity in ART roll out and this has been consolidated in the development of an Equity in access to ART policy

Summary

Introduction

The HIV and AIDS epidemic in Malawi poses multiple challenges from an equity perspective. It is estimated that 12% of Malawians are living with HIV or AIDS among the 15-49 age group. Due to financial, infrastructural and human resource constraints not all of those in need of ART are reached by the drugs, leaving an enormous short fall [4,5]. This means that difficult choices have to be made about the where and how of ART provision as this will have wide reaching health, social and economic consequences [6]. Tuberculosis case detection is low amongst the poorest men and women with the poor spending more than twice their monthly income on the costs of accessing a TB diagnosis [9]

Methods

Results

Conclusion