Abstract
Developing multi-selective luminescence sensing technology to differentiate serial compounds is very important but challenging. White-light-emitting decoding sensing based on lanthanide metal-organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs) is a promising candidate for multi-selective luminescence sensing application. In this work, three isomorphic Ln-MOFs based on H3dcpcpt (3-(3,5-dicarboxylphenyl)-5-(4-carboxylphenl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole) ligand, exhibiting red, blue, and green emission, respectively, have been synthesized by solvothermal reactions. The isostructural mixed Eu/Gd/Tb-dcpcpt is fabricated via the in-situ doping of different Ln3+ ions into the host framework, which can emit white light upon the excitation at 320 nm. It is noteworthy that this white-light-emitting complex could serve as a convenient luminescent platform for distinguishing eight frequently-used antibiotics: five through luminescence-color-changing processes (tetracycline hydrochloride, yellow; nitrofurazone, orange; nitrofurantoin, orange; sulfadiazine, blue; carbamazepine, blue) and three through luminescence quenching processes (metronidazole, dimetridazole, and ornidazole). Moreover, a novel method, 3D decoding map, has been proposed to realize multi-selective luminescence sensing applications. This triple-readout map features unique characteristics on luminescence color and mechanism. The mechanism has been systematically interpreted on the basis of the structural analysis, energy transfer and allocation process, and peak fitting analysis for photoluminescence spectra. This approach presents a promising strategy to explore luminescent platforms capable of effectively sensing serial compounds.
Highlights
Selectivity is a defining characteristic of luminescence sensing, and helpful to recognize even the most similar chemicals [1,2,3,4]
Complexes 1–3 were synthesized by solvothermal reactions of 0.27 mmol LnCl3 ·6H2 O (Ln = Gd 1, Eu 2, and Tb 3), 0.11 mmol H3 dcpcpt ligand, 8 mL DMF, 2 mL 2.7 M HNO3, and 2 mL H2 O prepared in a Teflon-lined autoclave at 150 ◦ C for 72 h and slowly reduced to room temperature
UV-vis absorption spectra of NZF and NFT in aqueous solution showed the greatest spectral overlap at 400–450 nm, with the emission of white-light-emitting lanthanide metal-organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs) (Figures 2f and 4). This caused the occurence of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) because the light emitted by Ln-MOF could be absorbed by NZF and NFT molecules [56]
Summary
Selectivity is a defining characteristic of luminescence sensing, and helpful to recognize even the most similar chemicals [1,2,3,4]. The perturbation of distinct analytes to each component of white-light-emitting sensors may alter both luminescence color and emission intensity ratios of components, thereby providing an efficient platform to and conveniently differentiate each member of the serial compounds. To better realize multi-selective luminescence sensing requires that the white-light-emitting sensor features multi-emission of three primary colors (red, green, and blue), non-overlapping peaks, sensitization to invasion, etc. Luminescence sensing for twenty frequently-used antibiotics using this white-light-emitting material was carried out and exhibited good differentiating capability for eight antibiotics on either luminescent color or luminescent intensity. Integrating these excellent features, a 3D decoding map was proposed to exactly distinguish these eight antibiotics.
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